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Norwegian hydropower, the reliable base Europe needs to invest in renewables

"Norway can help Europe introduce more volatile renewable energy sources into the market by providing a sustainable backup," said Nobuo Tanaka, the International Energy Agency's executive director. "To have more renewables, we need more interconnectivity."

In particular, Tanaka threw his weight behind a proposal to lay two sea cables between Norway and the UK, which would let the UK draw on Norwegian hydropower when there's insufficient wind to produce wind energy.

Norway's lakes and rivers already provide electricity for many households in the country as well as power companies in other Nordic countries and the Netherlands.

Energy Commissioner's Speech at the Odessa Forum
SPEECH/10/402 Date: 27/07/2010
Oil exploration and extraction - risks, liability and regulation
SPEECH/10/368 Date: 07/07/2010
European Commission starts second safety talks with Oil industry
IP/10/779 Date: 22/06/2010
Commissioner hails adoption of the Energy Labelling Directive by Parliament
IP/10/584 Date: 19/05/2010
500 cities pledge to reduce CO2 by more than 20%
IP/10/486 Date: 03/05/2010
Citizens in favour of EU legislation for Radioactive waste
IP/10/478 Date: 29/04/2010
GreenLight and GreenBuilding EU awards
IP/10/424 Date: 14/04/2010
EC and EIB support EUR 1 bn investment in energy efficiency, renewables
IP/10/351 Date: 24/03/2010
EU Sustainable Energy Week: Decarbonising our energy
IP/10/332 Date: 22/03/2010
Forecasts show EU is on track to meet RE 20% target
IP/10/265 Date: 11/03/2010
Q &A: European E nergy Programme for Recovery
MEMO/10/63 Date: 04/03/2010
Commission adopts biomass sustainability report
IP/10/192 Date: 25/02/2010
Commission creates a dedicated Directorate-General for Energy
IP/10/164 Date: 17/02/2010
EU and Iraq sign a Strategic Energy Partnership Memorandum of Understanding
IP/10/29 Date: 18/01/2010
EC Agrees to negotiate a broad Nuclear Partnership Agreement with Russia.
IP/09/1990 Date: 22/12/2009
Gas Coordination Group discusses the gas supply outlook in the EU
IP/09/1917 Date: 14/12/2009
List of 15 energy projects for European economic recovery
MEMO/09/542 Date: 09/12/2009
Phasing out of conventional incandescent bulbs
MEMO/09/368 Date: 01/09/2009

End-user prices for EU Domestic consumers.
Domestic consumers are households. Two different usage pattern are identified.

For recent end-user gas and electricity prices, subscribe to EU Energy Update.
Order historical energy price data with EU Energy History.

– DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY PRICES –				– DOMESTIC GAS PRICES –
€ per kWh electricity Consumption: 3500 kWh/year (30% during nighttime) Average amount in euro per one kilowatt-hour of electricity for domestic consumers. Incl. energy taxes & VAT. Effective: November '09		€ per kWh electricity Consumption: 7500 kWh/year (30% during nighttime) Average amount in euro per one kilowatt-hour of electricity for domestic consumers. Incl. energy taxes & VAT. Effective: November '09		€ per kWh gas Consumption: 15,000 kWh/year (1,380 m3 of gas) Average amount in euro per one kilowatt-hour of gas for domestic consumers. Incl. energy taxes & VAT. Effective: November '09		€ per kWh gas Consumption: 30,000 kWh/year (2,760 m3 of gas) Average amount in euro per one kilowatt-hour of gas for domestic consumers. Incl. energy taxes & VAT. Effective: November '09
Austria	€ 0.171	Austria	€ 0.147	Austria	€ 0.071	Austria	€ 0.059
Belgium	€ 0.172	Belgium	€ 0.152	Belgium	€ 0.061	Belgium	€ 0.044
Bulgaria	€ 0.093	Bulgaria	€ 0.077	Bulgaria	€ 0.028	Bulgaria	€ 0.034
Cyprus	€ 0.144	Cyprus	€ 0.142	Cyprus	NO DATA	Cyprus	NO DATA
Czech Rep,	€ 0.116	Czech Rep,	€ 0.087	Czech Rep.	€ 0.041	Czech Rep.	€ 0.036
Denmark	€ 0.268	Denmark	€ 0.232	Denmark	€ 0.117	Denmark	€ 0.105
Estonia	€ 0.091	Estonia	€ 0.076	Estonia	€ 0.028	Estonia	€ 0.027
Finland	€ 0.128	Finland	€ 0.107	Finland	NO DATA	Finland	NO DATA
France	€ 0.138	France	€ 0.117	France	€ 0.068	France	€ 0.051
Germany	€ 0.211	Germany	€ 0.204	Germany	€ 0.085	Germany	€ 0.066
Greece	€ 0.089	Greece	€ 0.089	Greece	NO DATA	Greece	NO DATA
Hungary	€ 0.148	Hungary	€ 0.146	Hungary	€ 0.042	Hungary	€ 0.040
Ireland	€ 0.184	Ireland	€ 0.153	Ireland	€ 0.107	Ireland	€ 0.107
Italy	€ 0.260	Italy	€ 0.224	Italy	€ 0.074	Italy	€ 0.069
Latvia	€ 0.088	Latvia	€ 0.077	Latvia	€ 0.030	Latvia	€ 0.028
Lithuania	€ 0.091	Lithuania	€ 0.079	Lithuania	€ 0.032	Lithuania	€ 0.026
Luxembourg	€ 0.189	Luxembourg	€ 0.182	Luxembourg	€ 0.061	Luxembourg	€ 0.040
Malta	€ 0.105	Malta	€ 0.120	Malta	NO DATA	Malta	NO DATA
Netherlands	€ 0.241	Netherlands	€ 0.240	Netherlands	€ 0.047	Netherlands	€ 0.046
Poland	€ 0.140	Poland	€ 0.127	Poland	€ 0.048	Poland	€ 0.042
Portugal	€ 0.172	Portugal	€ 0.143	Portugal	€ 0.068	Portugal	€ 0.052
Romania	€ 0.130	Romania	€ 0.114	Romania	€ 0.036	Romania	€ 0.035
Slovakia	€ 0.179	Slovakia	€ 0.136	Slovakia	€ 0.046	Slovakia	€ 0.044
Slovenia	€ 0.132	Slovenia	€ 0.113	Slovenia	€ 0.055	Slovenia	€ 0.051
Spain	€ 0.143	Spain	€ 0.117	Spain	€ 0.063	Spain	€ 0.053
Sweden	€ 0.195	Sweden	€ 0.192	Sweden	€ 0.120	Sweden	€ 0.120
United Kingdom	€ 0.138	United Kingdom	€ 0.128	United Kingdom	€ 0.041	United Kingdom	€ 0.040

End-user prices for EU Industrial consumers.
Industrial consumers are large consumers, such as businesses or universities. Two different usage pattern are identified.

For recent end-user gas and electricity prices, subscribe to EU Energy Update.
Order historical energy price data with EU Energy History.

– INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICITY PRICES –				– INDUSTRIAL GAS PRICES –
€ per kWh electricity Consumption: 2000 MWh/year Maximum demand: 500 kW, annual load: 4000 hours. Luxembourg: 50% power reduction during hours of heavy loading. Incl. energy taxes, Excl. VAT. Effective: November '09		€ per kWh electricity Consumption: 24000 MWh/year Maximum demand: 4000 kW, annual load: 6000 hours. Luxembourg: 50% power reduction during hours of heavy loading. Incl. energy taxes, Excl. VAT. Effective: November '09		€ per kWh gas Consumption: 115MWh/year (10,550 m3 of gas) Average amount in euro per one kilowatt-hour of gas. Incl. energy taxes, Excl. VAT. Effective: November '09		€ per kWh gas Consumption: 11.5GWh/year (1.05 million m3 of gas) Average amount in euro per one kilowatt-hour of gas. Incl. energy taxes, Excl. VAT. Effective: November '09
Austria	€ 0.121	Austria	€ 0.104	Austria	€ 0.037	Austria	€ 0.036
Belgium	€ 0.129	Belgium	€ 0.107	Belgium	€ 0.028	Belgium	€ 0.021
Bulgaria	€ 0.070	Bulgaria	€ 0.070	Bulgaria	€ 0.016	Bulgaria	€ 0.016
Cyprus	€ 0.142	Cyprus	€ 0.133	Cyprus	NO DATA	Cyprus	NO DATA
Czech Rep,	€ 0.098	Czech Rep,	€ 0.091	Czech Rep.	€ 0.023	Czech Rep.	€ 0.021
Denmark	€ 0.132	Denmark	€ 0.132	Denmark	€ 0.050	Denmark	€ 0.048
Estonia	€ 0.071	Estonia	€ 0.050	Estonia	€ 0.016	Estonia	€ 0.016
Finland	€ 0.083	Finland	€ 0.074	Finland	€ 0.088	Finland	€ 0.080
France	€ 0.080	France	€ 0.067	France	€ 0.031	France	€ 0.025
Germany	€ 0.147	Germany	€ 0.132	Germany	€ 0.040	Germany	€ 0.038
Greece	€ 0.091	Greece	€ 0.073	Greece	NO DATA	Greece	NO DATA
Hungary	€ 0.135	Hungary	€ 0.115	Hungary	€ 0.030	Hungary	€ 0.029
Ireland	€ 0.148	Ireland	€ 0.138	Ireland	€ 0.040	Ireland	€ 0.039
Italy	€ 0.179	Italy	€ 0.148	Italy	€ 0.034	Italy	€ 0.028
Latvia	€ 0.077	Latvia	€ 0.065	Latvia	€ 0.018	Latvia	€ 0.018
Lithuania	€ 0.078	Lithuania	€ 0.069	Lithuania	€ 0.021	Lithuania	€ 0.020
Luxembourg	€ 0.118	Luxembourg	€ 0.112	Luxembourg	€ 0.027	Luxembourg	€ 0.027
Malta	€ 0.105	Malta	€ 0.074	Malta	NO DATA	Malta	NO DATA
Netherlands	€ 0.141	Netherlands	€ 0.099	Netherlands	€ 0.047	Netherlands	€ 0.033
Poland	€ 0.090	Poland	€ 0.084	Poland	€ 0.029	Poland	€ 0.027
Portugal	€ 0.103	Portugal	€ 0.089	Portugal	€ 0.031	Portugal	€ 0.021
Romania	€ 0.134	Romania	€ 0.099	Romania	€ 0.026	Romania	€ 0.026
Slovakia	€ 0.130	Slovakia	€ 0.099	Slovakia	€ 0.022	Slovakia	€ 0.020
Slovenia	€ 0.107	Slovenia	€ 0.091	Slovenia	€ 0.031	Slovenia	€ 0.027
Spain	€ 0.095	Spain	€ 0.084	Spain	€ 0.031	Spain	€ 0.022
Sweden	€ 0.073	Sweden	€ 0.063	Sweden	€ 0.038	Sweden	€ 0.035
United Kingdom	€ 0.125	United Kingdom	€ 0.101	United Kingdom	€ 0.039	United Kingdom	€ 0.035

These charts show how much Europeans pay on average for their fuel at filling stations in EU member states.
They are valid for week 17 of this year, so they do not reflect the prices of today.
Between brackets are the prices without all taxes and duties.

If you require weekly updated Diesel or gasoline prices, subscribe.
Historical Price Data? Please inquire.

A barrel of crude oil is traded at $73.44 (USD), at 17:07, Sep. 2, 2010 CET.

Historical Oil Prices

UNLEADED
Average amount in euro per one liter of Unleaded or EUROSUPER 95.
Effective: week 17, 2010

SUPER UNLEADED
Average amount in euro per one liter of Super Unleaded or SUPERPLUS 98.
Effective: week 17, 2010

DIESEL
Average amount in euro per one liter of Diesel.

Effective: week 17, 2010

LPG
Average amount in euro per one liter of LPG.

Effective: week 17, 2010

Austria	€ 1.22 (€ 0.53)
Belgium	€ 1.46 (€ 0.60)
Bulgaria	€ 1.04 (€ 0.52)
Cyprus	€ 1.04 (€ 0.59)
Czech Republic	€ 1.27 (€ 0.56)
Denmark	€ 1.48 (€ 0.61)
Estonia	€ 1.14 (€ 0.53)
Finland	€ 1.46 (€ 0.59)
France	€ 1.37 (€ 0.54)
Germany	€ 1.42 (€ 0.54)
Greece	€ 1.52 (€ 0.58)
Hungary	€ 1.24 (€ 0.55)
Ireland	€ 1.32 (€ 0.53)
Italy	€ 1.39 (€ 0.60)
Latvia	€ 1.12 (€ 0.55)
Lithuania	€ 1.21 (€ 0.57)
Luxembourg	€ 1.19 (€ 0.58)
Malta	€ 1.22 (€ 0.60)
Netherlands	€ 1.53 (€ 0.56)
Poland	€ 1.17 (€ 0.54)
Portugal	€ 1.40 (€ 0.59)
Romania	€ 1.07 (€ 0.54)
Slovakia	€ 1.28 (€ 0.56)
Slovenia	€ 1.22 (€ 0.54)
Spain	€ 1.18 (€ 0.58)
Sweden	€ 1.37 (€ 0.52)
United Kingdom	€ 1.41 (€ 0.53)

Austria	€ 1.28 (€ 0.59)
Belgium	€ 1.54 (€ 0.64)
Bulgaria	€ 1.12 (€ 0.56)
Cyprus	€ 1.08 (€ 0.63)
Czech Republic	€ 1.32 (€ 0.62)
Denmark	€ 1.53 (€ 0.66)
Estonia	€ 1.20 (€ 0.59)
Finland	€ 1.50 (€ 0.62)
France	€ 1.45 (€ 0.60)
Germany	€ 1.50 (€ 0.58)
Greece	€ 1.56 (€ 0.63)
Hungary	€ 1.28 (€ 0.61)
Ireland	€ 1.39 (€ 0.58)
Italy	€ 1.43 (€ 0.66)
Latvia	€ 1.18 (€ 0.63)
Lithuania	€ 1.27 (€ 0.63)
Luxembourg	€ 1.23 (€ 0.62)
Malta	€ - (€ -)
Netherlands	€ 1.62 (€ 0.61)
Poland	€ 1.25 (€ 0.61)
Portugal	€ 1.46 (€ 0.67)
Romania	€ 1.11 (€ 0.61)
Slovakia	€ 1.33 (€ 0.62)
Slovenia	€ 1.26 (€ 0.61)
Spain	€ 1.22 (€ 0.66)
Sweden	€ 1.41 (€ 0.58)
United Kingdom	€ 1.49 (€ 0.60)

Austria	€ 1.13 (€ 0.56)
Belgium	€ 1.19 (€ 0.61)
Bulgaria	€ 1.00 (€ 0.52)
Cyprus	€ 0.98 (€ 0.59)
Czech Republic	€ 1.22 (€ 0.59)
Denmark	€ 1.25 (€ 0.61)
Estonia	€ 1.12 (€ 0.54)
Finland	€ 1.17 (€ 0.63)
France	€ 1.17 (€ 0.55)
Germany	€ 1.22 (€ 0.56)
Greece	€ 1.31 (€ 0.66)
Hungary	€ 1.17 (€ 0.57)
Ireland	€ 1.23 (€ 0.55)
Italy	€ 1.25 (€ 0.62)
Latvia	€ 1.09 (€ 0.57)
Lithuania	€ 1.03 (€ 0.58)
Luxembourg	€ 1.00 (€ 0.56)
Malta	€ 1.04 (€ 0.53)
Netherlands	€ 1.22 (€ 0.55)
Poland	€ 1.09 (€ 0.57)
Portugal	€ 1.17 (€ 0.61)
Romania	€ 1.02 (€ 0.56)
Slovakia	€ 1.13 (€ 0.58)
Slovenia	€ 1.16 (€ 0.55)
Spain	€ 1.10 (€ 0.60)
Sweden	€ 1.27 (€ 0.57)
United Kingdom	€ 1.44 (€ 0.55)

Belgium	€ 0.57 (€ 0.47)
Bulgaria	€ 0.52 (€ 0.46)
Czech Republic	€ 0.57 (€ 0.39)
Estonia	€ 0.63 (€ 0.46)
France	€ 0.72 (€ 0.54)
Germany	€ 0.62 (€ 0.43)
Hungary	€ 0.64 (€ 0.42)
Italy	€ 0.66 (€ 0.43)
Latvia	€ 0.54 (€ 0.32)
Lithuania	€ 0.57 (€ 0.30)
Luxembourg	€ 0.53 (€ 0.45)
Netherlands	€ 0.70 (€ 0.49)
Poland	€ 0.53 (€ 0.32)
Portugal	€ 0.69 (€ 0.52)
Romania	€ 0.46 (€ 0.32)
Slovakia	€ 0.48 (€ 0.40)
Slovenia	€ 0.67 (€ 0.48)
Spain	€ 0.62 (€ 0.50)
United Kingdom	€ 0.75 (€ 0.55)

August 2010
24^th - 27^th	The Energy Meeting Place - Stavanger, Norway
September 2010
12^th - 16^th	World Energy Congress (WEC) - Montreal, Canada
30^th - 1^th Oct.	Global Clean Energy Forum - Lisbon, Portugal
October 2010
17^th - 19^th	2nd International Investment Forum of Turkmenistan - Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
18^th - 19^th	Maghreb/Middle East Renewable Energy Conference 2010 - Marrakech, Morocco
27^th - 28^th	4th Annual Developing European Gas Supply Infrastructure - Brussels, Belgium
November 2010
23^rd - 24^th	European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) - GRIDS 2010 - Berlin, Germany
January 2011
19^th - 21^st	Synergistic SuperGrid for Transmitting Energy Overseas 2011 - London, United Kingdom

The electric car
Date: 2/3/2010
The power to change!
Date: 10/9/2009
Energy, let's save it!
Date: 11/11/2008
Eco-driving
Date: 04/09/2008
Green cities fit for life
Date: 08/07/2008
Local action for a greener Europe
Date: 21/04/2008
European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition 2008
Date: 03/04/2008
Taking a head start to create a low carbon world economy
Date: 18/01/2008
20% renewable energy by 2020
Date: 16/01/2008
Russia and the Future of European Energy Security
Date: 10/12/2007
Global warming requires global solution, says Barroso
Date: 28/09/2007
Living with climate change
Date: 25/06/2007
Everyone Can Save The Planet
Date: 21/06/2007
Electricity and gas: You choose!
Date: 06/06/2007
Europe leads the fight against climate change
Date: 19/04/2007
Securing Energy
Date: 16/11/2006
You Control Climate Change
Date: 01/06/2006

NORTH STREAM:
Connection:
Russia-EU (via Baltic sea)
Transport capacity:
55 billion cubic metres/year
Partners:
Gazprom 51%, BASF/Wintershall 20%, E.ON Ruhrgas 20%, Gasunie 9%
Scheduled for operation:
2 Lines. First scheduled for 2011, second for 2012

SOUTH STREAM:
Connection:
Russia-EU (via Black sea)
Transport capacity:
63 billion cubic meters/year
Partners:
Gazprom 50%, ENI 50%
Scheduled for operation:
End of 2015

NABUCCO:
Connection from:
Caspian region, Middle East,Egypt to EU
Transport capacity:
31 billion cubic meters/year
Partners:
BOTAS, BEH, MOL, OMV, RWE, Transgaz. Each 16,67%
Scheduled for operation:
End of 2015

In most EU member states electricity utilities now buy electricity generated from renewable sources produced by individuals and companies. Prices paid for 'self-produced' electricity is called a feed-in tariff. Prices are in euros per kilowatt-hour (€/kWh).
'0.29-0.46' is a price range from 0.29 €/kWh to 0.46 €/kWh, depending on the amount produced.
Prices valid for April 1^st, 2010.

Member state	Windpower 'On-shore'	Wind power 'Off-shore'	Solar PV	Biomass	Hydro
Austria	0.073	0.073	0.29 - 0.46	0.06 -0.16	n/a
Belgium	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bulgaria	0.07 - 0.09	0.07 - 0.09	0.34 - 0.38	0.08 - 0.10	0.045
Cyprus	0.166	0.166	0.34	0.135	n/a
Czech Republic	0.108	0.108	0.455	0.077 - 0.103	0.081
Denmark	0.078	0.078	n/a	0.039	n/a
Estonia	0.051	0.051	0.051	0.051	0.051
Finland	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
France	0.082	0.31 - 0.58	n/a	0.125	0.06
Germany	0.05 - 0.09	0.13 - 0.15	0.29 - 0.55	0.08 - 0.12	0.04 - 0.13
Greece	0.07 - 0.09	0.07 - 0.09	0.55	0.07 - 0.08	0.07 - 0.08
Hungary	n/a	n/a	0.097	n/a	0.029 - 0.052
Ireland	0.059	0.059	n/a	0.072	0.072
Italy	0.3	0.3	0.36 - 0.44	0.2 - 0.3	0.22
Latvia	0.11	0.11	n/a	n/a	n/a
Lithuania	0.10	0.10	n/a	0.08	0.07
Luxembourg	0.08 - 0.10	0.08 - 0.10	0.28 - 0.56	0.103 - 0.128	0.079 - 0.103
Malta	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Netherlands	0.118	0.186	0.459 - 0.583	0.115 - 0.177	0.073 - 0.125
Poland	n/a	n/a	n/a	0.038	n/a
Portugal	0.074	0.074	0.31 - 0.45	0.1 - 0.11	0.075
Romania	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Slovakia	0.05- 0.09	0.05- 0.09	0.27	0.072 - 0.10	0.066 - 0.10
Slovenia	0.087 - 0.094	0.087 - 0.095	0.267 - 0.414	0.074 - 0.224	0.077 - 0.105
Spain	0.073	0.073	0.32 - 0.34	0.107 - 0.158	0.077
Sweden	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
United Kingdom	0.31	n/a	0.42	0.12	0.23

Energy consumption by EU-member states, their net imports and dependence rate in 2008.
The most important suppliers of crude oil and natural gas were Russia (33% of oil imports and 40% of gas imports) and Norway (16% and 23% respectively).

	EU Member State	Gross Energy consumption¹⁾	Net imports²⁾	Energy Dependency³⁾		EU Member State	Gross Energy Consumption	Net imports	Energy Dependency
1	Cyprus	2.6	3	100%	15	Germany	349	215.5	61.3%
2	Malta	0.9	0.9	100%	16	Finland	37.8	20.9	54.6%
3	Luxembourg	4.7	4.7	98.9%	17	EU27	1825.2	1010.1	53.8%
4	Ireland	15.5	14.2	90.9%	18	Slovenia	7.3	3.8	52.1%
5	Italy	186.1	164.6	86.8%	19	France	273.1	141.7	51.4%
6	Portugal	25.3	21.6	83.1%	20	Bulgaria	20.5	9.5	46.2%
7	Spain	143.9	123.8	81.4%	21	Netherlands	80.5	37.2	38%
8	Belgium	60.4	53.5	77.9%	22	Sweden	50.8	19.8	37.4%
9	Austria	34.1	24.9	72.9%	23	Estonia	5.4	1.9	33.5%
10	Greece	31.5	24.9	71.9%	24	Romania	40.9	11.9	29.1%
11	Latvia	4.6	3.2	65.7%	25	Czech Republic	46.2	12.9	28%
12	Lithuania	8.4	5.5	64%	26	United Kingdom	229.5	49.3	21.3%
13	Slovakia	18.8	12	64%	27	Poland	98.3	19.6	19.9%
14	Hungary	27.8	17.3	62.5%	28	Denmark	20.9	-8.1	-36.8⁴⁾

1) Gross energy consumption in Million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe). Defined as primary production plus imports, less exports.
2) Net imports means imports minus exports.
3) Imports divided by gross consumption.
4) Denmark is a net exporter of energy.

Are the European member states meeting their Kyoto 2012 carbon dioxide(CO₂) emission targets?
Countries in the green do well and emit less than their 2012 target. The countries in the red emit more than their Kyoto target.
Figures are in Megaton (Mt CO2-eq).

EU MEMBER STATE	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	KYOTO TARGET 2012	% UNDER KYOTO TARGET
LATVIA	10,7	10,7	10,9	11,7	12,1	23,3	48,07 %
ESTONIA	21,2	21,2	20,7	19,2	22,0	40	45,00 %
LITHUANIA	16,7	21,1	22,6	22,8	24,7	44,1	43,99 %
ROMANIA	NO DATA	160,1	153,7	153,9	152,3	259,9	41,40 %
BULGARIA	NO DATA	68,9	69,8	71,5	75,7	127,3	40,53 %
HUNGARY	83,3	79,5	80,5	78,8	75,9	114,9	33,94 %
SLOVAKIA	51,1	49,5	48,7	49,0	47,0	67,2	30,06 %
POLAND	382,5	396,7	399	399,3	398,9	551,7	27,70 %
CZECH REPUBLIC	147,5	147,1	145,6	149,1	150,8	180,6	16,50 %
SWEDEN	70,9	69,7	67	66,9	65,4	75,2	13,03 %
UNITED KINGDOM	658	660,4	657,4	647,9	636,7	678,3	6,13 %
FRANCE	560,9	556,1	553,4	541,7	531,1	564	5,83 %
GREECE	137,2	137,6	139,2	128,1	131,9	139,6	5,52 %
BELGIUM	147,6	147,6	143,8	136,6	131,3	135,9	3,38 %
GERMANY	1024,4	1025	1001,5	980,0	956,1	972,9	1,73 %
							% OVER KYOTO TARGET
NETHERLANDS	215,4	218,4	212,1	208,5	207,5	200,4	-3,54 %
PORTUGAL	83,7	84,6	85,5	84,7	81,8	77,4	-5,68 %
IRELAND	68,4	68,6	69,9	69,7	69,2	63	-9,84 %
FINLAND	85,4	81,2	69,3	79,9	78,3	71,1	-10,13 %
SLOVENIA	19,7	19,9	20,3	20,5	20,7	18,6	-11,29 %
ITALY	577,3	580,5	582,2	563,0	552,8	485,7	-13,82 %
DENMARK	73,6	68,2	63,9	71,0	66,6	54,8	-21,53 %
AUSTRIA	92,5	91,2	93,3	91,6	88,0	68,7	-28,09 %
SPAIN	407,4	425,2	440,6	433,0	442,3	331,6	-33,38 %
LUXEMBOURG	11,3	12,8	12,7	13,3	12,9	9,1	-41,76 %
MALTA	3,1	3,2	3,4	2,9	3,0	NO TARGET
CYPRUS	9,2	9,9	9,9	9,9	10,1	NO TARGET

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) pollutes the air primarily as a result of road traffic. Similar to CO₂, Nitrogen dioxide is produced by fossil fuel combustion processes.

These maps show results of satellite measurements over Europe.
They illustrate nitrogen dioxide as large scale pollutant, with rural background ground level concentrations in some areas around 30 µg/m³.
Long-term exposure to NO₂ at concentrations of >= 40 µg/m³ will cause danger to people's health.


2004	2006

The EU is working to reduce the effects of climate change and establish a common energy policy.
By 2020 renewable energy should account for 20% of the EU's final energy consumption (9,2% in 2006).
Consult the member state's renewable energy(RE) factsheets or browse through any of the latest charts.

Statistics of energy consumption, production, reserves and more, ranked by country. Continuously updated to represent the latest data available.

Non-renewable energy sources, do, as their name suggests, run out.
Apart from their impact on global warming, they are finite. Based on the data we have today, we can predict the moment they are actually exhausted. Putting a date on these energy sources underscores the world's need for true sustainable energy sources.

Natural Gas (in cubic meters)
Total world reserves Jan. 1st 2010:	171514266542404
World usage per second:	92653
Estimated date of exhaustion:	09:25 Sep 12, 2068

Oil (in barrels)
Total world reserves Jan. 1st 2010:	1175686472626
World usage per second:	986
Estimated date of exhaustion:	20:58 Oct 22, 2047

Coal (in metric tonnes)
Total world reserves Jan. 1st 2010:	834684384000
World usage per second:	203
Estimated date of exhaustion:	20:05 May 19, 2140

Uranium (in metric tonnes U-235)
Total world reserves Jan. 1st 2010:	17963
World usage per second:	0.0000042222017
Estimated date of exhaustion:	23:12 Nov 28, 2144

TOP 10 HEATING LAUNDRY LIGHTING COOKING REFRIGERATING CARS HOUSES OFFICES

Download the latest publications, primarily by the European Commission, related to energy. PDF Format.
TITLE	AUTHOR(S)	PUBLICATION

A Policymaker’s Guide to Feed-in Tariff (size: 2.2Mb)	NREL	2010
Europe's energy position - Markets & supply (size: 4.5Mb)	EC, DG-TREN	2010
Energy education - Changing their habits in our lifetime (size: 2.1Mb)	EC, DG-TREN	2010
Energy-efficient transport - Green mobility on the move (size: 3.4Mb)	EC, DG-TREN	2010
Challenges without borders (size: 5.0Mb)	EC	2010
Technologies for Coal based Hydrogen and Electricity Co-production Power Plants with CO2 Capture (size: 4.3Mb)	EC, Joint Research Centre	2010
Research priorities for renewable energy technology by 2020 and beyond (size: 1.6Mb)	EC	2010
Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential (size: 3.5Mb)	EEA	2010
Energy sector in Europe (size: 0.2Mb)	EC, Eurostat	2010
Photovotaic Solar Energy - Development and current research (size: 5.5Mb)	DG-TREN	2009
More efficient cleaning concepts for stepping up availability of lignite-fired power plants (Ligpower) (size: 5.2Mb)	EC & DG for Research	2009
Renewable electricity — Make the switch (size: 3.7Mb)	EC & DG-TREN	2009
Nuclear energy research - The sustainability challenge (size: 2.0Mb)	EC & DG for Research	2009
Energy and environment report 2008 (size: 4.9Mb)	EEA	2009
Biofuels: Topping up the fuel mix (size: 6.2Mb)	EC, DG-TREN & EACI	2008
A new scheme for the promotion of renewable energies in developing countries (size: 1.2Mb)	EC & Joint Research Centre	2008
European energy and transport - Trends to 2030 : update 2007 (size: 3.3Mb)	EC & DGTREN	2008
Biofuels in the European context - Facts, uncertainties and recommendations (size: 0.5Mb)	EC & Joint Research Centre	2008
LIFE and endangered plants - conserving Europe's threatened flora (size: 8.1Mb)	EC & DG for Environment	2008
EU environment-related indicators 2008 (size: 0.5Mb)	EC & DG for Environment	2008
Statistics on the electricity and gas markets (size: 1.0Mb)	EC & EuroStat	2008
Renewables make the difference (size: 0.4Mb)	EC & DG-TREN	2008
Towards a "post-carbon society" (size: 2.4Mb)	EC & DG for Research	2008
2020 vision, saving our energy (size: 1.8Mb)	EC & DG-TREN	2007
An efficient, sustainable and secure supply of energy for Europe (size: 4.7Mb)	European Investment Bank	2007
ENERGY, economic, social and policy-oriented research in Europe (size: 0.4Mb)	EC & Directorate-General for Research	2007
EU energy policy and the EIB (size: 0.4Mb)	European Investment Bank	2007
Energy - Yearly statistics 2005 (size: 1.3Mb)	European Commission & Eurostat	2007
Energy corridors - European Union and neighbouring countries (size: 1.6Mb)	EC & Directorate-General for Research	2007
Energy research in 7th framework programme (size: 1.1Mb)	EC & Directorate-General for Research	2007
LIFE and Energy - Innovative solutions for efficient energy in Europe (size: 4.0Mb)	EC & Directorate-General for Environment	2007
Latest development of energy service companies across Europe (size: 1.2Mb)	EC & Joint Research Centre	2007
You control climate change. Make a pledge! (size: 0.5Mb)	EC & Directorate-General for Environment	2007
Electricity from renewable energy sources (size: 0.3Mb)	European Commission & IEEA	2006
Energy production and distribution enterprises in the EU (size: 0.1Mb)	European Commission & Eurostat	2006
Fusion for energy - A new European organisation (size: 0.2Mb)	EC & Directorate-General for Research	2006

There are literally hundreds on EU directives related to energy. In this section you'll find some of the most important ones. You might consider these directives a must read for anyone involved in the energy industry.
	- Energy Efficiency / Renewables
C(2009) 5174	National RE Action Plans under Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
2009/28/EC	On the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.
COM(2006) 105 final	Green paper - A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy.
SEC(2006) 317/2	Green paper Annex - What is at stake, a background document.
COM(2008) 30 final	20 20 by 2020 Europe's climate change opportunity.
C(2006) 6817	Establishing harmonised efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity and heat.
2004/8/EC	On the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market.
2005/32/EC	A framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products.
2006/32/EC	On energy end-use efficiency and energy services.
98/11/EC	Implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household lamps.
106/2008	On a Community energy-efficiency labelling programme for office equipment.
2002/91/EC	On the energy performance of buildings.
	Fossil Fuels
1775/2005	On conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks.
2006/67/EC	Imposing an obligation on Member States to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products.
2003/55/EC	Concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas.
2004/67/EC	Concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply.
CE 2003/405	Concerning Community monitoring of imports of hard coal originating in third countries.
	Competition
2005/89/EC	Concerning measures to safeguard security of electricity supply and infrastructure investment.
1228/2003	On conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity.
COM(2008) 192 report	Progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market.